Neurology, as one of the novel sciences, paves the way toward understanding the performance of the human mind and also the surrounding environment. As one of the most complicated body organs, the human brain processes all the information received from external stimuli through five senses and intuitive, emotional, and rational perceptions. Neuroscience can connect the brain and architectural space to achieve the desired outcome and targets for designers and architects. On the other hand, the city views play a key role in users' feelings. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the effect of neuroscience on architecture and the effect of facade elements on brain stimuli to design the desired view. In this research, seven Buildings (three traditional and four contemporary) were investigated by a survey research method. To do this, three hundred eighty-five questionnaires were randomly distributed between passengers in seven districts. The results obtained from these questionnaires showed a significant relationship between neuroscience and architecture and how the facade elements affect the sensory stimuli. In addition, the traditional Buildings in Sari and a contemporary building named “ Residential building era 94” had the physical and contextual elements (such as color, form, texture and materials, rhythm, fitness, etc. ) in their facades, which seemed attractive for the passengers. The physical stimuli in these Buildings, such as diversity, materials, forms, color, and texture, play a role in better connecting passengers with the facade of these Buildings.

In recent years, the issue of energy consumption modeling techniques in the building sector has been widely considered by researchers and managers. Researches indicate that energy consumption in Residential sector is one of the main parts of the total consumption. Moreover, the urban residence is supposed as a significant consumer of energy in every country and therefore a focus for energy consumption efforts. For over increasing building energy consumption there can be some causes including: climate change, increase in household electricity load, fast-growing household electrical appliances, huge energy consumption of the Buildings, and the lack of strict government supervision. Recently the issue of assigning different prices to different time-periods of energy consumption has been taken into consideration for energy prices of consumers’ bills. Therefore, in this paper a model for multi-prices and multi-periods single-type energy consumption in urban Residential sector is presented; also an efficient heuristic method is provided for solving the mentioned model.

Indigenous architectural masterpieces have broad dimensions that can be studied in different areas of focus and identified with their original patterns to transfer a new framework based on fundamental principles concerning the particular time and place. Architecture of each territory is the outcome of the beliefs, culture, climate, industry and the ways in which the land is built. Therefore, architecture is considered as the mirror to represent the interests, resources, knowledge and ability of its creators. An architectural work consists of forms and shapes in spatial framework; the open and closed spaces and openings Shows, empty and full volumes and physical characteristics, hierarchies and measures. The color due to the extent of its role with psychological effects in social beliefs holds a special place playing an important role in the projection of an architectural expression. In the analysis of the different layers of the architectural works and the style of each architect, color has an important stance. The factor that relates architects` thoughts and emotions, on one hand and themes, theoretical principles and the cultural and social structures of the building, on the other hand. Therefore, investigating the type of color and its application in traditional architecture opens a window to recognize some of the features of this unique style of architecture and the artistic and architectural ideas, attitudes and abilities represented in the context. Although many articles and books have been edited and compiled on architectural history, building analysis, and stylistics amidst which there is a minor issue considering the color, in general, or the colors of the Buildings, there is felt to be a great need to specialized researchers about painting and architecture in ecological aspects and its cultural roots in the historical civilizations. Color in architectural studies of West has been focused from psychological dimension since Bauhaus period, but in the social and ecological aspects, the most recent researches have been done on archetypes and indigenous and religious attitudes mixed with architecture.This research aims to identify and review the physical and emotional aspects of applying blue color in architectural practices of Uraman. Architecture in Kurdish territory has remained mysterious so far in many ways, although its physical structure, have been paid attention to by many researchers but it requires in-depth review. According to Uraman area, the research population is geographically widespread but considered proportional to the number of numbers required with all aspects in order to achieve validity.Therefore, five regions of Kamaleh, Uraman takht, palangan, naravi and hiravi were selected with suitable scattering. Among 40 aged people residing in these areas (55 to 90 years), questionnaires were filled in the form of interview. In addition in the initial evaluation and field studies, the presence of blue in the arrays, the window and Folk Literature endorses the need for research in this field. Although the present research is an effort to explore the beauty formation in the architecture based on the local culture and try to represent it in contemporary architecture, also to a large extent, it is located in the field of the fundamental studies. In this study, the influence of beliefs, geography, climate, literature and aesthetics as the independent variables on how and why to apply the paint and color in a traditional Residential architecture, as the dependent variable is the focus of this paper. This research is descriptive and analytical. Part of the data has been collected through library research methods. Analysis and discussion have been on the psychology of color and hidden identity, the impact of lifestyle, climate and geography of the aesthetic and consequently, the selection of a specific color, covered in native tissue architecture and window applications. The other part of the data were collected through the field studies with architectural texture of the substrate, the distribution of questionnaires and interviews with older people of Uraman so that the obvious evidence of blue color application for Residential windows becomes clear. Perhaps, what comes to mind in the first confrontation with mountain architecture is the minimal space of construction for a simple life. But in the deep investigations and comprehensive surveys, we find a collective power which analyzes the application of color in the windows from different angles and chooses the best one. Regarding the specific representation of color in architectural quality and anatomical texture, some researchers have had brief hints to color without any specific and coherent view to the issue in Uraman architecture. These points are one-dimensional and generalized. Ignoring the psychological, and belief effects and the fashion have not been mentioned with aesthetic or natural philosophy tendency. In the initial surveys and library studies, with the quality nature of the issue, there can be different views which are based on the hypotheses each research considers. But in this study, in order to obtain conclusive results and minimize the effect of researcher, by completing the questionnaire through interview and discussion with the audience of this architecture (target population), we tried to make research results clear free from vision of researchers based the current situation.  Finally, according to field studies and interviews with older residents in Uraman, opinions of scientists and psychologists and researchers in the field of architecture of Uraman, we can get the reason for the widespread application of blue in native architecture of Uraman homes to be expressed in this way that by accepting the dramatic role of geography, natural, climate and people in the unconscious memory formation followed by an indirect effect on aesthetics, it is the most important role in the widespread application of the blue traditional Residential Buildings of Uraman.Since each color finds value and the effect on the proximity of other colors; combination of sharp blue in low area with great surface of light brown of walls brings about a beautiful color contrast. In addition, these colors also add to the sense of comfort. Finally, the sacred hypothesis or removal of an eye sore has no originality in research findings and this view is no longer valuable in this field.

Buildings are one of the main pillars of economic and social development of countries that consume a large part of energy and natural resources. The purpose of writing this article is to calculate the energy consumption of a building in one year, determine the energy label and then optimize some of its features in order to reduce construction costs and reduce energy consumption of the operation phase. Is. The study area is common Residential Buildings in Tehran. The research method to achieve this goal is as follows: First, according to the licensing statistics of Tehran Municipality, a 5-storey southern building was selected on a land with an area of ​​320 square meters and an infrastructure of about 1100 square meters, which represents a large number of Buildings in Tehran. Be. Then, by simulating the building considered in Builder Design software, the amount of gas consumption is 145.53 kWh per square meter, electricity consumption is 81.25 kWh per square meter and a total of 226.79 kWh per meter. The square was calculated per year. With this consumption, according to standard 14253, the building receives energy label C. Then, with the aim of reducing the cost of construction and energy consumption during operation, it was optimized with a genetic algorithm. Research variables, type of exterior wall (pottery or Leica), exterior (stone or brick), type of window glass (plain or low emission), type of gas between the layers of window glass (air or argon) and the ratio of the window to the south front surface (15 % -30% -45% -60%) were built. The results indicate that the best possible scenarios for the exterior facade, stone, low-emission double-glazed windows with argon gas, the outer wall of the pottery with a window-to-south front ratio of 22.5% or Leica, with a window ratio At the level of the southern front, it is 37.5%.

This paper deals with evaluating the thermal behavior of exterior walls in dwellings of a particular place. Today, there is a huge increase in constructing multi-storey apartment Buildings and single-family houses in the city of Yazd, a city with hot dry climate and a rich historical architecture in Iran. Unfortunately, the new methods that are used nowadays to make the envelopes of these dwellings are not suitable for the climate of the city, so they are not sustainable. The aim of this study is to evaluate the thermal properties of all types of applicable walls and recommend suitable exterior walls that are constructed of common materials in the region to improve comfort and energy conservation. The procedure of the research includes two parts: at first the climatic characteristics of Yazd is Studied. At the second part, to define the most suitable wall, effective thermal properties of the walls are calculated in none steady-state conditions. These properties are calculated for the walls with different types and thicknesses of common material layers in various positions. At last, a comprehensive compare between thermal properties of the different walls is done and sustainable envelopes ─ exterior walls that are suitable for both cold and hot seasons in Yazd─ are defined. In the result section, the types, thicknesses, and positions of the layers of the recommended walls in four directions of acceptable building orientation (that is +15 degree towards east-south) are defined, and the needed amount of mass and insulation as well as their relative positions is discussed. Furthermore, sun porch as a suitable passive heating system for cold seasons is suggested in some directions.

Buildings presently use 30% of global energy, set to rise due to climate change. This study assesses climate change's impact on energy consumption(heating/cooling loads) in Tabriz over six decades. It also compares the effect of several energy efficient solutions in Buildings. Future weather data for 2050 and 2080 was generated by CCWorldWeatherGen based on existing files. Identifying the prevalent housing type in Eram, energy simulations for the current and next 60 years used Design Builder 7.0.0.096. Applying energy reduction strategies, the study evaluates thermal performance, energy consumption, and environmental impact.In all models, heating peaks in 2020, and cooling surges by 28.69% and 63.34% in 2050 and 2080 versus 2020. Model WI shows the lowest cooling energy variation at 66.66%. COM models rank as the most efficient in 2020, 2050, and 2080, cutting energy consumption by 8.24%, 11.95%, and 12.83%.Climate change raises annual energy consumption by 4% in the current building model. Comparing strategies, two models—COM and thermal insulation WI—enhance building performance in 2020, 2050, and 2080. These findings stress the urgency of implementing strategies to mitigate climate-induced escalation in building energy consumption.

Regarding the substantial increase of energy consumption in the building sector, it is necessary to consider construction characteristics in the policymaking processes in order to improve the building energy efficiency. Basically, it is infeasible to improve the energy efficiency of the building industry based on the energy characteristics of individual Buildings. Political strategies are developed based on the study of building typologies following the climatic conditions of each region. There are limited studies on the types of Residential Buildings, most of which emphasize on architectural concepts and building formation. Lack of research in the field of housing typology in Iran highlights the necessity to develop an approach toward energy-efficient Residential Buildings. This study aims to recognize the typologies of Residential Buildings, focusing on the parameters affecting energy consumption, in Babolsar City, which is selected as a city representative of the humid and mild climate in North of Iran. This paper also tries to evaluate and improve the thermal performances of the recognized typologies based on the Iranian National Building Code (Part 19: Energy Efficiency). The methodology is completed into four main sections: 1) Reviewing the literature in order to identify and select the criteria for developing Residential building typologies 2) Conducting a survey on a number of Residential samples based on the statistics and distribution of Residential Buildings in Babolsar city 3) Classifying Buildings and presenting plan typologies based on statistical and pictorial analyses 4) Investigating the heat transfer coefficient of the recognized typologies and introducing the optimal patterns according to the Iranian National Building Code (Part 19: Energy Efficiency). Using a descriptive-analytical strategy, this research is based on statistical methods of quantitative analysis and simplifies Residential building plan concepts. The data are collected on the field by investigating 384 Residential Buildings constructed in a period between 1963 and 2016 in Babolsr City. Each sample is scrutinized by completing a questionnaire. The questionnaires are created in two parts: 1-the building general information including, the architectural type (apartment or villa), the age of the building, the number of families, the neighborhood type, the building gross area, the number of bedrooms and building type (flat/apartment, attached/ semi-attached); and 2. the construction details including, the physical parameters of the building such as materials, windows/glazing type, overhang size, thermal insulation, indoor space height, area of external surfaces / controlled / uncontrolled spaces, heating and cooling system, and building envelope details. In other words, all required information and parameters affecting the building energy consumption are included. The Residential building samples are classified into ten categories based on the number of families, building type, and neighborhood unit. Typologies are divided into two groups of “ villa” and “ apartment” housing. Each group has four subsets numbered as A, B, C, and D which differs in terms of total plan area and the position of conditioned/ unconditioned zones. In order to determine a typical plan for each category, all possible plan concepts for each group were designed and codified. Then, the plans of all 384 samples were simplified and codified and categorized in their relevant groups. Finally, a group of higher frequency was chosen as the group representing the typical plan. The eight recognized typologies of this research can be used as reference in any research on housing for evaluating and predicting thermal performance, cost, and energy analysis. The analysis of the thermal performance of the building typologies demonstrated that none of the typologies comply with the Iranian National Building Code (Part 19), in terms of conformity with heat transfer coefficient. Adding a 5-cm thermal insulation, with a heat transfer coefficient of λ = 0. 041, to the external wall, and also replacing windows with double-glazed ones are necessary to improve their energy efficiency and achieve the minimum requirement of the building code. The results of this study can be used as a basis for further investigations on energyefficient building design, in order to improve the thermal performance of Buildings rather than developing a regional energy efficiency building code for building construction in the mild climate in north of Iran. The presented typologies can be used as a reference for energy auditing, retrofit actions, and refurbishment measurements, and for quantifying the energy-saving potentials of existing Buildings. They can be applied to the existing Buildings stock to increase energy performance by considering the optimal tradeoff between policymaking and cost. The results are also important for developing and modifying regulations. Further studies are required to make the result of this study applicable to other climatic regions in Iran.

By identifying the damage index of a structure, in addition to a correct understanding from real behavior of the structure, the required criterion for strengthening would be given. Researchers have given many relations for determination of damage index but such relations have been based upon laboratory methods which challenge their usage in a broad term. In this paper two new methods are given for calculation of damage index. Surveying the first crack limit and total structure failure is based upon the formation of plastic joints in the first column and basic floor columns. To give a qualitative simple and functional damage index, the functional method was given in the form of a qualitative method with statistical analysis and collection of different views. Using this method is very simple and meantime offers suitable accuracy. With a numerical study on three models it was made clear that the difference of new method with amended method of Papadopolos in approximate 3%. This shows that given qualitative method is suitable to be used in a broad terms.

Iran is considered as one of the most energy-consuming countries in the world, and because of the abundant resources in Iran, energy is so cheap. In this study, by focusing on the Residential sector as the most consumable sector, and electricity as the most consumable energy in this sector, it has been tried to investigate, and simulate related approved methods in the world, and the results of the implementation of these strategies are simulated and analyzed over the course of twenty years (2016-2036). In this way, system dynamics (SD) methodology is used. SD methodology is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, and the reason for choosing this approach is the proportionality of the inherent properties of energy systems-such as nonlinear variables, time delays, feedback structures, uncertainty, and cause-effect relationships-with the properties and tools of this approach. Different solutions to increase energy efficiency consist of the development of LED lighting products, development of air conditioning systems, development of insulation, as well as cultural issues and modification of consumption patterns are considered, and the efficiency of each solution regarding the capital allocation to each one is investigated. The information and needed data are often extracted from official reports and statistics from the Ministry of Energy and its subsidiaries as well as the Iranian Statistical Organization. When there is little data to define the relationships between two variables, experts' opinions are used. The simulation results over 20 years show that the best way is to allocate 25 percent of capital per year to each solution. 50 percent of the cost for LED products should be paid as a grant, and 100 percent of the cost for air conditioning and insulation system should be paid via an interest-free loan with a two-year repayment. The results of this study can be a guide for electricity policymakers and planners.